Advances and challenges of endometrial organoids in modeling endometrial function: basic, clinical, and future perspectives

models that faithfully replicate the physiological functions of the human endometrium, endometrial organoids have emerged as pivotal tools for deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of endometrial receptivity and disease pathogenesis. Currently, insufficient vascularization and immunocompetence, phenotypic drift during long-term culture, and the absence of standardized protocols for clinical transl…