Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling elucidates the regulation of flavonoid composition and biosynthesis in Rosa rugosa hip

Rosa rugosa hips are a valuable resource rich in flavonoids with significant health benefits, though the regulatory mechanisms underlying flavonoid biosynthesis remain unclear. In R. rugosa hip, the chlorophyll content decreased significantly during hip ripening from the green (F0) to the yellow (F1) and red (F2) stages. In contrast, total flavonoid content peaked at the F1 stage, while anthocyani…